References

“Bio-Trap Samplers.” n.d. Microbial Insights . Accessed February 13, 2024. https://microbe.com/bio-trap-samplers/.

“Discrete Interval Samplers: Model 425 & 425-D Data Sheet.” 2021. Preprint, Solinst, May 20. https://solinst.com/products/data/425.pdf.

“Indoor, Ambient and Workplace Air - Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Sorbent Tube/Thermal Desorption/Capillary Gas Chromatography - Part 2: Diffusive Sampling.” 2003. Preprint, The International Organization for Standardization (ISO). https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iso/iso160172003.

“Instructions - Beacon Environmental.” 2024. https://beacon-usa.com/resources/instructions/.

“Rhizons.” n.d. Rhizosphere Research Products . Accessed April 29, 2024. https://www.rhizosphere.com/rhizons/.

AGI. 2016. “Guidelines for Storage, Installation, and Retrieval of Air Sampling.” Preprint, Amplified Geochemical Imaging LLC. https://agisurveys.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Technical-pdf-7.1.pdf.

ASTM. 2020. “D2487 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” ASTM, April. https://www.astm.org/standards/d2487.

Abreu, Lilian, and Henry Schuver. 2012. Conceptual Model Scenarios  for the Vapor Intrusion Pathway . EPA 530-R-10-003. USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/vi-cms-v11final-2-24-2012.pdf.

Addeck, A., K. Croes, K. Langenhove, M. Denison, M. Elskens, and W. Baeyens. 2012. “Dioxin Analysis in Water by Using a Passive Sampler and CALUX Bioassay.” Talanta 88: 73–78.

Ahrens, Lutz, Tom Harner, Mahiba Shoeib, Martina Koblizkova, and Eric J. Reiner. 2013. “Characterization of Two Passive Air Samplers for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (24): 14024–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4048945.

Alvarez, David A. 2010. Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable  Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar  Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler  (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring  Studies . U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm1d4/pdf/tm1d4.pdf.

Alvarez, David A., Walter L. Cranor, Stephanie D. Perkins, Randal C. Clark, and Steven B. Smith. 2008. “Chemical and Toxicologic Assessment of Organic Contaminants in Surface Water Using Passive Samplers.” Journal of Environmental Quality 37 (3): 1024–33. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0463.

Alvarez, David, and Jim Huckins. 2004. “Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS).” USGS, November. https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/pocis.pdf.

Apell, J. N., and P. M. Gschwend. 2016. “In Situ Passive Sampling of Sediments in the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site: Replicability, Comparison with Ex Situ Measurements, and Use of Data.” Environmental Pollution 218: 95–101.

Aquanex Technologies, LLC. n.d. “FAQ: Sentinel ^TM PFAS Passive Samplers.” Accessed February 12, 2024. https://aquanextech.com/pages/faq-sentinel%e2%84%a2-passive-sampler.

Battelle. 2010. “Department of the Navy Guidance for Planning and Optimizing Monitoring Strategies.” Preprint, U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Navy, November. https://frtr.gov/matrix/documents/Monitored-Natural-Attenuation/2010-Guidance-for-Planning-and-Optimization-of-Remedial-Strategies.pdf.

Belluomini, Steve, Kathleen Considine, Bill Owen, and John Woodling. 2008. “Representative Sampling of Groundwater for Hazardous Substances: Guidance Manual for Groundwater Investigations.” Preprint, California Environmental Protection Agency. https://dtsc.cdev.sites.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2018/09/Representative_Sampling_of_GW_for_Haz_Subst.pdf.

Bohlin, Pernilla, Kevin C. Jones, and Bo Strandberg. 2010. “Field Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam Passive Air Samplers to Assess Airborne PAHs in Occupational Environments.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (2): 749–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902318g.

Bonifacio, R. G., G. U. Nam, Y. S. Hong, and I. Y. Eom. 2017. “Development of Solid Ceramic Dosimeters for the Time-Integrative Passive Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Waters.” Environmental Science and Technology 51: 12557–65.

Bopp, S., M. S. Mclachlan, and K. Schirmer. 2007. “Passive Sampler for Combined Chemical and Toxicological Long-Term Monitoring of Groundwater: The Ceramic Toximeter.” Environmental Science and Technology 41: 6868–76.

Bopp, S., W. Hansjorg, and K. Schirmer. 2005. “Time-Integrated Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Groundwater Using the Ceramic Dosimeter Passive Sampling Device.” Journal of Chromatography A 1072: 137–47.

Burgess, R. M., S. B. Kane Driscoll, A. Burton, et al. 2017. Laboratory, Field, and Analytical Procedures for Using Passive Sampling in the Evaluation of Contaminated Sediments: User’s Manual . User’s Manual EPA/600/R-16/357. USEPA and SERDP-ESTCP. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100000146.pdf.

Burgess, Robert. 2012. Guidelines for Using Passive Samplers to Monitor Organic Contaminants at Superfund Sediment Sites . OSWER Directive 9200.1-110 FS. USEPA. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/175405.pdf.

Chaemfa, Chakra, Edward Wild, Brian Davison, Jonathan L. Barber, and Kevin C. Jones. 2009. “A Study of Aerosol Entrapment and the Influence of Wind Speed, Chamber Design and Foam Density on Polyurethane Foam Passive Air Samplers Used for Persistent Organic Pollutants.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 11 (6): 1135–39. https://doi.org/10.1039/B823016A.

Challis, Jonathan K., Mark L. Hanson, and Charles S. Wong. 2016. “Development and Calibration of an Organic-Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Aquatic Passive Sampler for a Diverse Suite of Polar Organic Contaminants.” Analytical Chemistry 88 (21): 10583–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02749.

Cheng, Hairong, Zongming Deng, Paromita Chakraborty, et al. 2013. “A Comparison Study of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Three Indian Cities Using PUF Disk Passive Air Samplers.” Atmospheric Environment 73 (July): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.001.

Clark, James N., Deborah Goodwin, Harry O’Neill, and Joseph E. Odencrantz. 2008. “Application of Passive Soil Gas Technology to Determine the Source and Extent of a PCE Groundwater Plume in an Urban Environment.” Journal of Remediation-In Press , July, 8. https://beacon-usa.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Regional-Groundwater-Investigation.pdf.

Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN). 2020. “Passive (No Purge) Samplers.” June 4. https://cluin.org/characterization/technologies/default.focus/sec/Passive_(no_purge)_Samplers/cat/Diffusion_Samplers/.

Cornelissen, Gerard, Arne Pettersen, Dag Broman, Philipp Mayer, and Gijs D. Breedveld. 2008. “Field Testing of Equilibrium Passive Samplers to Determine Freely Dissolved Native Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27 (3): 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1897/07-253.1.

Cristale, J., A. Katsoyiannis, C. Chen, K. C. Jones, and S. Lacorte. 2013. “Assessment of Flame Retardants in River Water Using a Ceramic Dosimeter Passive Sampler.” Environmental Pollution 172: 163–69.

Dakota Technologies. n.d. “Darts.” Accessed February 10, 2024. https://www.dakotatechnologies.com/products/darts.

Davison, W., and H. Zhang. 1994. “In Situ Speciation Measurements of Trace Components in Natural Waters Using Thin-Film Gels.” Nature 367 (6463): 546–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/367546a0.

Dawson, Helen, Todd McAlary, and Hester Groenevelt. 2015. Passive Sampling for Vapor Intrusion Assessment . Technical Memorandum TM-NAVFAC EXWC-EV-1503. https://www.siremlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/NAVFAC-2015-Passive-Sampling-for-Vapor-Intrusion-Assessment.pdf.

Delgado Saborit, J.M., and V.J. Esteve Cano. 2007. “Field Comparison of Passive Samplers versus UV-Photometric Analyser to Measure Surface Ozone in Mediterranean Area.” J Environ Monit , no. 9: 610–15.

Divine, Craig, Shandra Justicia-León, Jennifer M. Tilton, et al. 2023. “Field Methods and Example Applications for the Min-Trap® Mineral Sampler.” Remediation Journal 33 (3): 209–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21752.

Divine, Craig, Shandra Justicia-León, Jennifer Martin Tilton, et al. 2023. “Min-Trap® Samplers to Passively Monitor In-Situ Iron Sulfide Mineral Formation for Chlorinated Solvent Treatment.” Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 43 (3): 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12595.

Divine, Craig, and Paul Edmiston. 2022. Technology Guidance for SentinelTM Passive PFAS Samplers: Osorb® Media Use in PFAS Passive Samplers . SERDP Technical Guidance Nos. ER20-1127. SERDP. https://serdp-estcp-storage.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-12/ER20-1127%20Technical%20Guidance.pdf?VersionId=34bFzHz68_uzd_vzGAFtnyxHHH5sZoRx.

Divine, Criag. 2022. Demonstration of Mineral Traps to Passively Evaluate and Monitor In-Situ Reactive Minerals for Chlorinated Solvent Treatment . Final Report Nos. ER19-5190. Department of Defense Environmental  Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). https://serdp-estcp-storage.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/ER19-5190%20Final%20Report.pdf?VersionId=6J.vmN6_wLLM3jjoxV3xErmmY_9iYm3u.

E-Flux – Passive Gas Sampling-Based Measurement of Natural Soil Contaminant Degradation (NSZD). n.d. “Fossil Fuel Traps (CO2 Traps) – a Passive Soil Gas Sampling Method.” Accessed February 12, 2024. https://www.soilgasflux.com/co2-traps/the-science.

Edmiston, Paul L., Erika Carter, Kevin Toth, et al. 2023. “Field Evaluation of the Sentinel ^TM Integrative Passive Sampler for the Measurement of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water Using a Modified Organosilica Adsorbent.” Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 43 (4): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12574.

Ehlke, T.A., T.E. Imbrigiotta, and J.M. Dale. 2004. “Laboratory Comparison of Polyethylene and Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Samplers.” Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation 24 (1): 53–59.

Eon Products. n.d. EON Dual Membrane Passive Diffusion Samplers (DMPDB ^TM ). https://store.eonpro.com/eon-dual-membrane-passive-diffusion-samplers-dmpdb-2900.aspx.

Eon Products. n.d. EON Small Diameter PDB Samplers (1" & Larger Wells). https://store.eonpro.com/store/p/2174-EON-Small-Diameter-Passive-Diffusion-Sampler.aspx.

Ernstberger, H., H. Zhang, A. Tye, S. Young, and W. Davison. 2005. “Desorption Kinetics of Cd, Zn, and Ni Measured in Soils by DGT.” Environmental Science & Technology 39 (6): 1591–97. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048534d.

Ertel, T, H.J. Kirchholtes, P.V. Schnakenburg, U. Schollenberger, S. Spitzberg, and W. Schäfer. 2011. “FOKS Handbook for Integral Groundwater Investigation: Toolbox for the Identification of Key Sources of Groundwater Contamination.” Preprint, CENTRAL EUROPE Programme. http://projectfoks.zuova.cz/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/toolbox_for_the_identification_of_key_sources_of_groundwater_contamination.pdf.

Fang, Zhou, Li Kexin, Yuan Li, et al. 2019. “Development and Application of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films Technique for Measuring Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals in Natural Waters - PubMed.” Environ Sci Technol 53 (19): 11223–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03166.

Fang, Zhou, Yuan Li, Yanying Li, et al. 2021. “Development and Applications of Novel DGT Passive Samplers for Measuring 12 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Natural Waters and Wastewaters.” Environmental Science & Technology 55 (14): 9548–56. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08092.

Franquet-Griell, H., V. Pueyo, J. Silva, V.M. Orera, and S. Lacorte. 2017. “Development of a Macroporous Ceramic Passive Sampler for the Monitoring of Cytostatic Drugs in Water.” Chemosphere 182: 681–90.

Garza-Rubalcava, Uriel, Paul B. Hatzinger, David Schanzle, Graig Lavorgna, Paul Hedman, and W. Andrew Jackson. 2022. “Improved Assessment and Performance Monitoring of a Biowall at a Chlorinated Solvent Site Using High-Resolution Passive Sampling.” Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 246 (April): 103962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103962.

Gefell, M. J., M. Kanematsu, D. Vlassopoulos, and D. S. Lipson. 2018. “Aqueous-Phase Sampling with NAPL Exclusion Using Ceramic Porous Cups.” Groundwater 56: 847–51.

Ghosh, Upal, Susan Kane Driscoll, Robert M. Burgess, et al. 2014. “Passive Sampling Methods for Contaminated Sediments: Practical Guidance for Selection, Calibration, and Implementation.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 10 (2): 210–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1507.

Grosse, Doug, Robert Truesdale, Heidi Hayes, Dr. Helen Dawson, Dr. Todd McAlary, and Chris Lutes. 2014. Passive Samplers for Investigations of Air Quality: Method Description, Implementation, and Comparison to Alternative Sampling Methods . EPA/600/R-14/434. With John H. Zimmerman, Rich Kapusinski, and Dr. Henry Schuver. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/P100MK4Z.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=2011+Thru+2015&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C11thru15%5CTxt%5C00000015%5CP100MK4Z.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL#.

Grundy, James S., Matthew K. Lambert, and Robert M. Burgess. 2023. “Passive Sampling-Based versus Conventional-Based Metrics for Evaluating Remediation Efficacy at Contaminated Sediment Sites: A Review.” Environmental Science & Technology 57 (28): 10151–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c00232.

Guillot, Richard. 2016. “Ambient Air Sampling.” USEPA, Science and Ecosystem Support Division, March 30. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-06/Ambient%20Air%20Sampling%28SESDPROC-303-R5%29_0.pdf.

Hartmann, Heather, Claire Hefner, Erika Carter, David Liles, Craig Divine, and Paul L. Edmiston. 2021. “Passive Sampler Designed for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Polymer-Modified Organosilica Adsorbent.” AWWA Water Science 3 (4): e1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1237.

Hawthorne, Steven B., Randy W. St. Germain, and Nicholas A. Azzolina. 2008. “Laser-Induced Fluorescence Coupled with Solid-Phase Microextraction for In Situ Determination of PAHs in Sediment Pore Water.” Environmental Science & Technology 42 (21): 8021–26. https://doi.org/10.1021/es8011673.

Hazrati, Sadegh, and Stuart Harrad. 2007. “Calibration of Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Disk Passive Air Samplers for Quantitative Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): Factors Influencing Sampling Rates.” Chemosphere 67 (3): 448–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.091.

Hesslein, Raymond H. 1976. “An in Situ Sampler for Close Interval Pore Water Studies.” Limnology and Oceanography 21 (6): 912–14. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1976.21.6.0912.

Huckins, James N., Jimmie D. Petty, Jon A. Lebo, et al. 2002. “Development of the Permeability/Performance Reference Compound Approach for in Situ Calibration of Semipermeable Membrane Devices.” Environmental Science & Technology 36 (1): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010991w.

Huckins, James N., Jimmie D. Petty, and Kees Booji. 2006. Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment Semipermeable Membrane Devices . Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-35414-x.

ITRC. 2023. “PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document and Fact Sheets.” Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PFAS Team. https://pfas-1.itrcweb.org/.

Imbrigiotta, Thomas E., J. S. Trotsky, and M. C. Place. 2008. Protocol for Use of Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Samplers (ER-0313): ESTCP . ESTCP Protocol Report for Project ER-0313. http://www.estcp.org/Technology/upload/ER-0313-Protocol.pdf.

Imbrigiotta, Thomas E., J.S. Trotsky, and M.C. Place. 2007. Demonstration and Validation of a Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Sampler for Monitoring Ground-Water Quality and Remediation Progress at DoD Sites . TR-2281-ENV. Technical Report. Naval Facilities Engineering Service. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70206138.

Imbrigiotta, Thomas E., T. A. Ehlke, P. J. Lacombe, and J. M. Dale. 2002. “Comparison of Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Samplers and Two Purging Methods in Bedrock Wells.” 195–206. https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70023982.

Imbrigiotta, Thomas E., and J. S. Trotsky. 2011. Demonstration and Validation of a Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Diffusion Sampler for Monitoring Groundwater Quality and Remediation Progress at DoD Sites: Perchlorate and Ordnance Compounds . ER-200313. ESTCP. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/demonstration-and-validation-a-regenerated-cellulose-dialysis-membrane-diffusion-0.

Imbrigiotta, Thomas, and Philip Harte. 2020. “Passive Sampling of Groundwater Wells for Determination of Water Chemistry.” In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods . https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1d8.

Jackson, A. 2003. “Peeper Samplers.” ITRC Fall Membership Meeting.

Jackson, Dr. Andrew, and Dr. Paul B. Hatzinger. 2020. High Resolution Delineation of Contaminant Concentrations,  Biogeochemical Processes, and Microbial Communities in  Saturated Subsurface Environments . SERDP Project ER-2419. https://serdp-estcp-storage.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/project_documents/ER-2419_Final_Report.pdf.

Ji, Xiaowen, Jonathan K. Challis, and Markus Brinkmann. 2022. “A Critical Review of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique for Measuring Organic Pollutants: Potential Limitations, Application to Solid Phases, and Combination with Bioassays.” Chemosphere 287 (January): 132352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132352.

Jonker, Michiel T. O., Robert M. Burgess, Upal Ghosh, et al. 2020. Ex Situ Determination of Freely Dissolved Concentrations of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Sediments and Soils: Basis for Interpreting Toxicity and Assessing Bioavailability, Risks and Remediation Necessity . 15: 1800–1828. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-020-0311-y.

Jonker, Michiel T. O., Stephan A. van der Heijden, Dave Adelman, et al. 2018. “Advancing the Use of Passive Sampling in Risk Assessment and Management of Sediments Contaminated with Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals: Results of an International Ex Situ Passive Sampling Interlaboratory Comparison.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (6): 3574–82. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05752.

Karásková, Pavlína, Garry Codling, Lisa Melymuk, and Jana Klánová. 2018. “A Critical Assessment of Passive Air Samplers for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.” Atmospheric Environment 185 (July): 186–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.030.

Kaserzon, Sarit L., Soumini Vijayasarathy, Jennifer Bräunig, et al. 2019. “Calibration and Validation of a Novel Passive Sampling Device for the Time Integrative Monitoring of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Precursors in Contaminated Groundwater.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 366 (March): 423–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.010.

Kelechava, Brad. 2018. “ASTM D2487 Unified Soil Classification System.” The ANSI Blog , March 15. https://blog.ansi.org/2018/03/unified-soil-classification-astm-d2487-17/.

Kennedy, L., J. W. Everett, and J. Gonzales. 2004. “Aqueous and Mineral Intrinsic Bioremediation Assessment: Natural Attenuation.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 130 (9): 942–50.

Khairy, Mohammed A., and Rainer Lohmann. 2014. “Field Calibration of Low Density Polyethylene Passive Samplers for Gaseous POPs.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 16 (3): 414–21. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00493g.

Klánová, Jana, Pavel Èupr, Jiří Kohoutek, and Tom Harner. 2008. “Assessing the Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Performance of Polyurethane Foam-Based Passive Air Samplers.” Environmental Science & Technology 42 (2): 550–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/es072098o.

LeBlanc, D.R. 2003. Diffusion and Drive-Point Sampling to Detect Ordnance-Related Compounds in Shallow Groundwater beneath Snake Pond, Cape Cod . Nos. 03–4133. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Li, Cai, Shiming Ding, Liyuan Yang, et al. 2019. “Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films: Devices, Materials and Applications.” Environmental Chemistry Letters 17 (2): 801–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00839-9.

Li, Yingming, Dawei Geng, Fubin Liu, et al. 2012. “Study of PCBs and PBDEs in King George Island, Antarctica, Using PUF Passive Air Sampling.” Atmospheric Environment 51 (May): 140–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.034.

Lin, L. I. 1989. “A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility.” Biometrics 45 (1): 255–68.

Lotufo, Guilherme R., Mandy M. Michalsen, Danny D. Reible, et al. 2022. “Interlaboratory Study of Polyethylene and Polydimethylsiloxane Polymeric Samplers for Ex Situ Measurement of Freely Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Sediment Porewater.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 41 (8): 1885–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5356.

Lutes, Christopher, Carl Singer, Robert Uppencamp, Ronald Mosley, and Dale Greenwell. 2010. “Radon Tracer as a Multipurpose Tool to Enhance Vapor Intrusion Assessment and Mitigation.” https://events.awma.org/education/Posters/Final/Lutes_RadonPoster.pdf.

MacKeown, Henry, Emanuele Magi, Marina Di Carro, and Barbara Benedetti. 2022. “Unravelling the Role of Membrane Pore Size in Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) to Broaden the Polarity Range of Sampled Analytes.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 414 (5): 1963–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03832-4.

Mari, Montse, Marta Schuhmacher, Joan Feliubadaló, and José L. Domingo. 2008. “Air Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs Using Active and Passive Air Samplers.” Chemosphere 70 (9): 1637–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.076.

Marrugo-Madrid, Siday, Marta Turull, Hao Zhang, and Sergi Díez. 2021. “Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films for the Measurement of Labile Metal Species in Water and Soils: A Review | Environmental Chemistry Letters.” Environmental Chemistry Letters 19: 3761–88. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-021-01246-3.

Martin, H., B. M. Patterson, and G. B. Davis. 2003. “Field Trial of Contaminant Groundwater Monitoring: Comparing Time-Integrating Ceramic Dosimeters and Conventional Water Sampling.” Environmental Science and Technology 37: 1360–64. https://pdfslide.net/documents/field-trial-of-contaminant-groundwater-monitoring-comparing-time-integrating.html?page=1.

Mayer, Paul M., Kelly D. Moran, Ezra L. Miller, et al. 2023. “Not yet Peer Reviewed: Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Tires as a Complex Pollutant.” Preprint.

Mayer, Philipp, Johannes Tolls, Joop L. M. Hermens, and Donald Mackay. 2003. “Peer Reviewed: Equilibrium Sampling Devices.” Environmental Science & Technology 37 (9): 184A-191A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es032433i.

McAlary, Todd, Hester Groenevelt, Paul Nicholson, et al. 2014. “Quantitative Passive Soil Vapor Sampling for VOCs--Part 3: Field Experiments.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 16 (3): 501–10. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00653k.

McAlary, Todd, Hester Groenevelt, Suresh Seethapathy, et al. 2014. “Quantitative Passive Soil Vapor Sampling for VOCs--Part 2: Laboratory Experiments.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 16 (3): 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00128h.

McAlary, Todd, Xiaomin Wang, Andre Unger, Hester Groenevelt, and Tadeusz Górecki. 2014. “Quantitative Passive Soil Vapor Sampling for VOCs--Part 1: Theory.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 16 (3): 482–90. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00652b.

McAlary, Todd. 2015. Development of More Cost-Effective  Methods for Long-Term Monitoring of Soil  Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Using  Quantitative Passive Diffusive-Adsorptive  Sampling Techniques . Cost and Performance Report ER-200830. SERDP and ESTCP. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA621730.pdf.

McBride, GB. 2005. “A Proposal for Strength-of-Agreement Criteria for Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient.” NIWA Client Rep . https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=46b1768a-002f-48fa-a238-673d8373ee6a.

Melymuk, Lisa, Pernilla Bohlin Nizzetto, Tom Harner, et al. 2021. “Global Intercomparison of Polyurethane Foam Passive Air Samplers Evaluating Sources of Variability in SVOC Measurements.” Environmental Science & Policy 125 (November): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.003.

Michalsen, Mandy, Danny Reible, Adesewa Aribidara, et al. 2018. Standardizing Polymeric Sampling for  Measuring Freely-Dissolved Organic  Contaminants in Sediment Porewater . Standardized Method Memo ER-201735. ESTCP. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1084245.pdf.

Moeckel, Claudia, Tom Harner, Luca Nizzetto, Bo Strandberg, Andres Lindroth, and Kevin C. Jones. 2009. “Use of Depuration Compounds in Passive Air Samplers: Results from Active Sampling-Supported Field Deployment, Potential Uses, and Recommendations | Environmental Science & Technology.” Environ. Sci. Technol 43 (9): 3227–32. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es802897x.

NJDEP. 2005. Field Sampling Procedures Manual . 2005th ed. NJDEP. https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/16661/PDF/1/play/.

NJDEP. 2022. “Chapter 5 Sampling Equipment.” In Field Sampling Procedures Manual , 2022nd ed. NJDEP. https://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/fspm/manual_edition/2022/chapter_5_sampling_equipment.pdf.

O’Connell, Steven G., Laurel D. Kincl, and Kim A. Anderson. 2014. “Silicone Wristbands as Personal Passive Samplers.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (6): 3327–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405022f.

Okeme, Joseph O., Congqiao Yang, Atousa Abdollahi, et al. 2018. “Passive Air Sampling of Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Canadian Homes Using PDMS, XAD-Coated PDMS and PUF Samplers.” Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 239 (August): 109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.103.

Parker, L.V., and N.D. Mulherin. 2006. “Preliminary Studies of Alternative Passive Diffusion Devices for Sampling Explosives.” Proceedings of 2006 North American Environmental Field Conference and Exposition (Tampa, FL).

Parsons. 2004. “Final Work Plan for the Demonstration of Passive Groundwater Sampling Devices at Former McClellan Air Force Base.” Preprint.

Parsons. 2005. FINAL: Results Report for the Demonstration of No-Purge Groundwater Sampling Devices at Former McClellan Air Force Base, California . Nos. F44650-9900005. https://clu-in.org/download/char/passsamp/mcclellan_final_results_report.pdf.

Passing, H., and W. Bablok. 1984. “Comparison of Several Regression Procedures for Method Comparison Studies and Determination of Sample Sizes. Application of Linear Regression Procedures for Method Comparison Studies in Clinical Chemistry, Part II.” Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Chemie Und Klinische Biochemie 22 (6): 431–45. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1984.22.6.431.

Passing, H., and null Bablok. 1983. “A New Biometrical Procedure for Testing the Equality of Measurements from Two Different Analytical Methods. Application of Linear Regression Procedures for Method Comparison Studies in Clinical Chemistry, Part I.” Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Chemie Und Klinische Biochemie 21 (11): 709–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1983.21.11.709.

Puls, Robert W., and Michael J. Barcelona. 1996. Ground Water Issue: LOW-FLOW (MINIMAL DRAWDOWN) GROUND-WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURES . EPA/540/S-95/504. USEPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/lwflw2a.pdf.

Reininghaus, M., T. F. Parkerton, and G. Witt. 2020. “Comparison of In Situ and Ex Situ Equilibrium Passive Sampling for Measuring Freely Dissolved Concentrations of Parent and Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39: 2169–79.

Risacher, Florent F., Haley Schneider, Ilektra Drygiannaki, Jason Conder, Brent G. Pautler, and Andrew W. Jackson. 2023. “A Review of Peeper Passive Sampling Approaches to Measure the Availability of Inorganics in Sediment Porewater.” Environmental Pollution 328 (July): 121581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121581.

SERDP/ESTCP. n.d. “Osorb Passive Sampler for Determination of PFAS in Sediment Porewater.” Accessed May 3, 2024. https://serdp-estcp.mil/projects/details/e35f142d-31d4-468d-bfe0-619a83e9abfc.

Salim, Faten, Marios Ioannidis, Alexander Penlidis, and Tadeusz Górecki. 2019. “Modelling Permeation Passive Sampling: Intra-Particle Resistance to Mass Transfer and Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 21 (3): 469–84. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8em00565f.

Samon, Samantha M., Stephanie C. Hammel, Heather M. Stapleton, and Kim A. Anderson. 2022. “Silicone Wristbands as Personal Passive Sampling Devices: Current Knowledge, Recommendations for Use, and Future Directions.” Environment International 169 (November): 107339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107339.

Schneider, Haley A., W. Andrew Jackson, Paul B. Hatzinger, and Charles E. Schaefer. 2020. “High-Resolution Characterization of a Chlorinated Solvent Impacted Aquifer Using a Passive Profiler.” Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 40 (4): 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12409.

Seethapathy, Suresh, and Tadeusz Górecki. 2010. “Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Permeation Passive Air Sampler. Part II: Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Calibration Constants.” Journal of Chromatography A 1217 (50): 7907–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.057.

Seethapathy, Suresh. 2009. “Development, Validation, Uptake Rate  Modeling and Field Applications of a  New Permeation Passive Sampler.” University of Waterloo. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4870.

Shoeib, Mahiba, and Tom Harner. 2002. “Characterization and Comparison of Three Passive Air Samplers for Persistent Organic Pollutants.” Environmental Science & Technology 36 (19): 4142–51. https://doi.org/10.1021/es020635t.

SiREM. n.d. “Directions for Collecting Indoor and Outdoor Air Samples with the Waterloo Membrane Sampler TM.” Preprint. https://siremlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/WMS-SOP-passive-air-sampling.pdf.

SiREM. n.d. “Instructions for Soil Gas Sampling with WMS-LU ^TM Samplers.” Preprint. ttps://www.siremlab.com/waterloo-membrane-sampler-wms/.

Teasdale, P R, S Hayward, and W Davison. 1999. “In Situ, High-Resolution Measurement of Dissolved Sulfide Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films with Computer-Imaging Densitometry - PubMed.” Anal Chem 71 (11): 2186–96. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac981329u.

Tertuliani, J. S., D. A. Alvarez, E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, S. D. Zaugg, and G. F. Koltun. 2008. Occurrence of Organic Wastewater Compounds in the  Tinkers Creek Watershed and Two Other Tributaries  to the Cuyahoga River, Northeast Ohio . Scientific Investigations Report Nos. 2008–5173. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5173/pdf/sir20085173.pdf.

Thomas, Burt, and Michael A. Arthur. 2010. “Correcting Porewater Concentration Measurements from Peepers: Application of a Reverse Tracer.” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8 (8): 403–13. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2010.8.403.

Tilton, Jennifer Martin, and Margaret Gentile. 2019. “Strategic Approaches to Address the Unique  Challenges of Groundwater Remediation at Coal  Ash Facilities.” https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=woca.

Tomaszewski, Jeanne E., and Richard G. Luthy. 2008. Field Deployment of Polyethylene Devices to Measure PCB Concentrations in Pore Water of Contaminated Sediment | Environmental Science & Technology . 42 (16): 6086–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800582a.

USEPA. 2015. “OSWER Technical Guide For Assessing  and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion  Pathway from Subsurface Vapor  Sources to Indoor Air.” Preprint, USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, June. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/oswer-vapor-intrusion-technical-guide-final.pdf.

USEPA. 2019. “Method 325A – Volatile Organic Compounds from Fugitive and Area Sources: Sampler Deployment and VOC Sample Collection.” USEPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/method_325a.pdf.

USGS. 2020. Passive Sampling of Groundwater Wells for Determination of Water Chemistry . Collection of Water Data by Direct Measurement. U.S. Department of the Interior.

Ulrich, Shannon, Jennifer Martin Tilton, Shandra Justicia‐Leon, et al. 2021. “Laboratory and Initial Field Testing of the Min‐Trap ^TM for Tracking Reactive Iron Sulfide Mineral Formation during in Situ Remediation.” Remediation Journal 31 (3): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21681.

Vachon, Melody. 2023. “Waterloo Membrane Sampler.” SiREM LAB , November 27. https://www.siremlab.com/waterloo-membrane-sampler/.

Vroblesky, D, W Scheible, and G Teall. 2003. “Laboratory Equilibration Study of Nylon-Screen Passive Diffusion Samplers for VOCs, and Select Inorganics.” ITRC Spring Meeting (Annapolis MD).

Vroblesky, D. A., J. Manish, J. Morrell, and J. E. Peterson. 2003. Evaluation of Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers, Dialysis Samplers, and Nylon-Screen Samplers in Selected Wells at Andersen Air Force Base . Nos. 03–4157. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations.

Vroblesky, Don A., Matthew D. Petkewich, and Ted R. Campbell. 2002. Field Tests of Diffusion Samplers for  Inorganic Constituents in Wells and  at a Ground-Water-Discharge Zone . Water-Resources Investigations Report Nos. 02–4031. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024031/pdf/wrir02-4031.pdf.

Vroblesky, Don A., and J. E. Peterson. 2004. Flow-Meter and Passive Diffusion Bag Tests and Potential Influences on the Vertical Distribution of Contaminants in Wells at Galena Airport, Galena, Alaska, August to October 2002 . U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Nos. 2004–124. USGS. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235060843_Flow-Meter_and_Passive_Diffusion_Bag_Tests_and_Potential_Influences_on_the_Vertical_Distribution_of_Contaminants_in_Wells_at_Galena_Airport_Galena_Alaska_August_to_October_2002.

Wang, Po, Jonathan K. Challis, Kim H. Luong, Trisha C. Vera, and Charles S. Wong. 2021. “Calibration of Organic-Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (o-DGT) Passive Samplers for Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Water.” Chemosphere 263 (January): 128325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128325.

Wania, F., and C. Shunthirasingham. 2020. “Passive Air Sampling for Semi-Volatile Organic Chemicals.” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22 (10): 1925. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/em/d0em00194e#!

Warnken, Kent W., William Davison, and Hao Zhang. 2008. “Interpretation of in Situ Speciation Measurements of Inorganic and Organically Complexed Trace Metals in Freshwater by DGT.” Environmental Science & Technology 42 (18): 6903–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/es800359n.

Webster, I.T., P.R. Teasdale, and N. Grigg. 1998. “Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Peeper Equilibration Dynamics.” Environmental Science and Technology 32: 1727–33.

Wei, Tian-Jiao, Dong-Xing Guan, Xi-Yuan Li, et al. 2022. “Analysis of Studies on Environmental Measurements Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT) from 1994 to 2020.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 22 (April). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03168-1.

Xie, Huaijun, Jingwen Chen, Qining Chen, et al. 2018. “Development and Evaluation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique for Measuring Antibiotics in Seawater.” The Science of the Total Environment 618 (March): 1605–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.330.

Zhang, Hao, and William Davison. 2015. “Use of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films for Studies of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability.” Environmental Chemistry 12 (January). https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14105.

Zhang, Hao. 2004. “In-Situ Speciation of Ni and Zn in Freshwaters:  Comparison between DGT Measurements and Speciation Models | Environmental Science & Technology.” Environ. Sci. Technol 38 (5): 1421–27. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034654u.