• Skip to main content
itrc_logo

Passive Sampling Technology Update

PSU Home
About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 What is Passive Sampling?
1.3 Passive Sampling vs. Active Sampling
2. Passive Sampling Used by Media
2. Passive Sampling Use by Media
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Media Conditions Affecting Sampling Approach
2.3 Contaminant Sampling Considerations
3. Regulatory Acceptance
3. Regulatory Acceptance
3.1 Site-specific Regulatory Program Concerns
3.2 Technology Acceptance
3.3 Acceptance Varies by Media
3.4 Remedial Phase Acceptance
3.5 Performance Standard Acceptance/Approval
3.6 Concurrent Regulatory Oversight
4. Data Comparison Methods
4. Data Comparison Methods
4.1 Site Data Quality Objectives
4.2 Results Comparison Methods
4.3 Result Comparisons between Sampling Technologies
4.4 Other Comparison Considerations
5. Passive Sampling Technologies
5. Passive Sampling Technologies
5.1 Grab Sampling Technologies
5.2 Equilibration-based Passive Samplers
5.3 Accumulation Sampling Technologies
6. Nonpassive Grab Sampling Technologies
6. Nonpassive Grab Sampling Technologies
6.1 Syringe Sampler
6.2 Deep Discrete Interval Sampler
6.3 Horizontal Surface Water Interval Sampler
Case Studies
Videos
References
PSU Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Document Feedback

 

Passive Sampling Technology Update
HOME

References

Reference TextReference ID
“Bio-Trap Samplers.” n.d. Microbial Insights (blog). Accessed February 13, 2024. https://microbe.com/bio-trap-samplers/.
YKRJK3FC
“Discrete Interval Samplers: Model 425 & 425-D Data Sheet.” 2021. Solinst. https://solinst.com/products/data/425.pdf.
TK4WUHUP
“FAQ: SentinelTM PFAS Passive Samplers.” n.d. Aquanex Technologies, LLC. Accessed February 12, 2024. https://aquanextech.com/pages/faq-sentinel%e2%84%a2-passive-sampler.
77UF7LCY
“Instructions - Beacon Environmental.” 2024. 2024. https://beacon-usa.com/resources/instructions/.
MCKU7F6J
“Passive (No Purge) Samplers.” 2020. Contaminated Site Clean-Up Information (CLU-IN). June 4, 2020. https://cluin.org/characterization/technologies/default.focus/sec/Passive_(no_purge)_Samplers/cat/Diffusion_Samplers/.
L84MVLPQ
APHA, AWWA, & WRF. (2023). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (E. B. Braun-Howland & T. E. Baxter, Eds.; 24th ed.). American Public Health Association.
945V9BC7
ASTM. 2020. “D2487 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System).” ASTM. https://www.astm.org/standards/d2487.
BWLIENR8
Abreu, Lilian, and Henry Schuver. 2012. “Conceptual Model Scenarios  for the Vapor Intrusion Pathway.” EPA 530-R-10-003. USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/vi-cms-v11final-2-24-2012.pdf.
43UDNI2M
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. (2013). Role of the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer in the Section 106 Process. Role of the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer in the Section 106 Process. https://www.achp.gov/digital-library-section-106-landing/role-tribal-historic-preservation-officer-section-106-process
TFVLZARK
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. (2024). Promoting Historic Preservation Across the Nation. Promoting Historic Preservation Across the Nation. https://www.achp.gov/
U5AF6G6W
Almeida, R., Castro, C. D., Petter, C. O., & Schneider, I. A. H. (2011). Production of Iron Pigments (Goethite and Haematite) from Acid Mine Drainage. Mine Water - Managing the Challenges. https://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2011/IMWA2011_Silva_377.pdf
482QMQUI
Alvarez, David A. 2010. “Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable  Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar  Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler  (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring  Studies.” In , 38. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/tm1d4/pdf/tm1d4.pdf.
DE6V4FIB
Andrews, W. J., Moreno, C. J. G., & Nairn, R. W. (2013). Potential recovery of aluminum, titanium, lead, and zinc from tailings in the abandoned Picher mining district of Oklahoma. Mineral Economics, 26(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-013-0031-7
KGJ2MFDH
Apell, J.N., and P.M. Gschwend. 2016. “In Situ Passive Sampling of Sediments in the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund Site: Replicability, Comparison with Ex Situ Measurements, and Use of Data.” Environmental Pollution 218:95–101.
CA63XU9R
Araujo, F. S. M., Taborda-Llano, I., Nunes, E. B., & Santos, R. M. (2022). Recycling and Reuse of Mine Tailings: A Review of Advancements and Their Implications. Geosciences, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090319
2ST8FK4F
Arcadis U.S., Inc. (2022). Probabilistic Risk Assessment, Former Eagle Picher Mill Site on Parcel 30, Sahuarita, Arizona, VRP 512782. July.
NKHV7C57
Barbanell, M. (2023). Overcoming Critical Minerals Shortages Is Key to Achieving US Climate Goals. World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/insights/critical-minerals-us-climate-goals
RT4R5LFA
Battelle. 2010. “Department of the Navy Guidance for Planning and Optimizing Monitoring Strategies.” U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Navy. https://frtr.gov/matrix/documents/Monitored-Natural-Attenuation/2010-Guidance-for-Planning-and-Optimization-of-Remedial-Strategies.pdf.
257L2DVF
Baxter, S. (2022). Restoring Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior. FishSens Magazine. https://www.fishsens.com/ecologists-work-to-restore-lake-superior-reef-for-native-fish/
BLQT6X5A
Belluomini, Steve, Kathleen Considine, Bill Owen, and John Woodling. 2008. “Representative Sampling of Groundwater for Hazardous Substances: Guidance Manual for Groundwater Investigations.” California Environmental Protection Agency. https://dtsc.cdev.sites.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2018/09/Representative_Sampling_of_GW_for_Haz_Subst.pdf.
HM2SQ6CJ
Bohlin, Pernilla, Kevin C. Jones, and Bo Strandberg. 2010. “Field Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam Passive Air Samplers to Assess Airborne PAHs in Occupational Environments.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (2): 749–54. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902318g.
6ANIGI7G
Bopp, S., W. Hansjorg, and K. Schirmer. 2005. “Time-Integrated Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Groundwater Using the Ceramic Dosimeter Passive Sampling Device.” Journal of Chromatography A 1072:137–47.
RWJTD3C2
CalRecycle. (2024). Soil Amendment. CalRecycle Home Page. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/compostmulch/toolbox/soilamendment/
Z22MHFBC
Calibration and evaluation of PUF-PAS sampling rates across the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network - PubMed. (n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2024, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29094747/
NI5TV2JF
California DTSC. (1993). Preliminary Endangerment Assessment Report. Empire Mine Site Historic Park. California Department of Toxic Substances Control. https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/final_documents2?global_id=29100003&doc_id=5007786
2GLW327T
Colorado DOT. (2021). Revision of Section 703. Aggregates. Colorado Department of Transportation. https://www.codot.gov/business/designsupport/cdot-construction-specifications/2021-construction-specifications/recently-issued-special-provisions/2021-11-02/rev-sec-703-aggregates
NHS9BJJ3
Datin, D. A., & Cates, D. (2002). Sampling and Metal Analysis of Chat Piles in the Tar Creek Superfund Site, Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality.
MUL9CDTP
Divine, Criag. 2022. “Demonstration of Mineral Traps to Passively Evaluate and Monitor In-Situ Reactive Minerals for Chlorinated Solvent Treatment.” Final Report ER19-5190. Department of Defense Environmental  Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). https://serdp-estcp-storage.s3.us-gov-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/ER19-5190%20Final%20Report.pdf?VersionId=6J.vmN6_wLLM3jjoxV3xErmmY_9iYm3u.
84A4BIPA
Environmental Operations, Inc. (2018). Preliminary Early Removal Action Work Plan. Madison Mines, Operable Unit 2 Modified. Prepared for Missouri Mining Investments, LLC.
KQXED83Q
Eon Products. n.d. EON Dual Membrane Passive Diffusion Samplers (DMPDBTM). https://store.eonpro.com/eon-dual-membrane-passive-diffusion-samplers-dmpdb-2900.aspx.
DDXS64KH
Feng, D., Deventer, J. S. J., & Aldrich, C. (2004). Removal of pollutants from acid mine wastewater using metallurgical by-product slags. Separation and Purification Technology, 40(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.01.003
BZBCV3SD
Franquet-Griell, H., V. Pueyo, J. Silva, V.M. Orera, and S. Lacorte. 2017. “Development of a Macroporous Ceramic Passive Sampler for the Monitoring of Cytostatic Drugs in Water.” Chemosphere 182:681–90.
L4EY5QC9
Freeport Minerals Corporation. (2022). Parcel 30 Open Space Concept Proposal. September.
ELKPG8T6
Golev, A., Gallagher, L., Velpen, A., Lynggaard, J., Friot, D., Stringer, M., & Chuah, S. (2022). Ore-Sand: A Potential New Solution to the Mine Tailings and Global Sand Sustainability Crises FINAL REPORT. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359893861_Ore-sand_A_potential_new_solution_to_the_mine_tailings_and_global_sand_sustainability_crises_FINAL_REPORT/citation/download
4TLZ56MB
Golf Course Gurus. (n.d.). Old Works Golf Course (Anaconda, Montana). GolfCourseGurus. https://www.golfcoursegurus.com/reviews/old-works-golf-course/
6KBA7D7F
Gonzales, J. R. (2006). Brooks AFB, San Antonio, Texas.
5KJM7RTU
Goodman, A. J., Bednar, A. J., & Ranville, J. F. (2023). Rare Earth Element Recovery in Hard-Rock Acid Mine Drainage and Mine Waste: A Case Study in Idaho Springs, Colorado. Applied Geochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105584
P2TGVUX5
Graton, L. C., & Lindgren, W. (1906). Reconnaissance of Some Gold and Tin Deposits of the Southern Appalachians: With Notes on the Dahlonega Mines. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc861740/
S8IACU2H
Guillot, Richard. 2016. “Ambient Air Sampling.” USEPA, Science and Ecosystem Support Division. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-06/Ambient%20Air%20Sampling%28SESDPROC-303-R5%29_0.pdf.
JUGE4LGB
Hartmann, Heather, Claire Hefner, Erika Carter, David Liles, Craig Divine, and Paul L. Edmiston. 2021. “Passive Sampler Designed for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Polymer-Modified Organosilica Adsorbent.” AWWA Water Science 3 (4): e1237. https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1237.
Y5HC6KRL
Hazrati, Sadegh, and Stuart Harrad. 2007. “Calibration of Polyurethane Foam (PUF) Disk Passive Air Samplers for Quantitative Measurement of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): Factors Influencing Sampling Rates.” Chemosphere 67 (3): 448–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.091.
QS2NNY4K
Hedin, R. S. (2002). Recovery of Marketable Iron Oxide from Mine Drainage. Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 1, 517–526. https://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR02010517
J2QBDE4W
Huang, J., Jones, B. R., Henry, R., & Charters, D. W. (2005). Phytostabilization and Habitat Restoration of Copper-Contaminated Mine Tailings. 2005 Third International Phytotechnologies Conference. USEPA CLU-in: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://clu-in.org/phytoconf/agenda.cfm
S9CV5UP2
ITRC. (2023). Risk Assessment Resources. https://itrcweb.org/teams/projects/risk-assessment-resources
CM8MA36X
ITRC. 2023. “PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document and Fact Sheets.” Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, PFAS Team. https://pfas-1.itrcweb.org/.
55DMC29X
Interagency Working Group Mining Laws. (2023). Recommendations to Improve Mining on Public Lands. Final Report. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/mriwg-report-final-508.pdf
PIDEKRXY
Jeong, J. B. (2003). Solid-Phase Speciation of Copper in Mine Wastes. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 24(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.5012/BKCS.2003.24.2.209
9MP8YXJG
Jeong, J. B., Urban, N. R., & Green, S. (1999). Release of Copper from Mine Tailings on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 25(4), 721–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70772-0
TARCXFUJ
Ji, Xiaowen, Jonathan K. Challis, and Markus Brinkmann. 2022. “A Critical Review of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique for Measuring Organic Pollutants: Potential Limitations, Application to Solid Phases, and Combination with Bioassays.” Chemosphere 287 (January):132352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132352.
LS64NE8X
Kelechava, Brad. 2018. “ASTM D2487 Unified Soil Classification System.” The ANSI Blog (blog). March 15, 2018. https://blog.ansi.org/2018/03/unified-soil-classification-astm-d2487-17/.
D397EAY7
Kennedy, L., J.W. Everett, and J. Gonzales. 2004. “Aqueous and Mineral Intrinsic Bioremediation Assessment: Natural Attenuation.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 130 (9): 942–50.
NXHF26RV
Klánová, Jana, Pavel Èupr, Jiří Kohoutek, and Tom Harner. 2008. “Assessing the Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Performance of Polyurethane Foam-Based Passive Air Samplers.” Environmental Science & Technology 42 (2): 550–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/es072098o.
QR58D68B
LeBlanc, D.R. 2003. “Diffusion and Drive-Point Sampling to Detect Ordnance-Related Compounds in Shallow Groundwater beneath Snake Pond, Cape Cod.” 03–4133. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations. Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
NB6GALSH
Li, B., Hwang, J.-Y., Drelich, J., Popko, D., & Bagley, S. (2010). Physical, Chemical and Antimicrobial Characterization of Copper-Bearing Material. JOM, 62(12), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-010-0187-3
HQ37IRXX
Lin, L. I. 1989. “A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility.” Biometrics 45 (1): 255–68.
JLGS7F6P
Macknick, J., Lee, C., & Melius, J. (2013). Solar Development on Contaminated and Disturbed Lands. NREL/TP-6A20-58485. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/58485.pdf
DIXNQZSP
Mari, Montse, Marta Schuhmacher, Joan Feliubadaló, and José L. Domingo. 2008. “Air Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs Using Active and Passive Air Samplers.” Chemosphere 70 (9): 1637–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.076.
8LSAW68L
Martin, H., B.M. Patterson, and G.B. Davis. 2003. “Field Trial of Contaminant Groundwater Monitoring: Comparing Time-Integrating Ceramic Dosimeters and Conventional Water Sampling.” Environmental Science and Technology 37:1360–64. https://pdfslide.net/documents/field-trial-of-contaminant-groundwater-monitoring-comparing-time-integrating.html?page=1.
Q4MV5B7J
Matthaios, V. N., Lawrence, J., Martins, M. A. G., Ferguson, S. T., Wolfson, J. M., Harrison, R. M., & Koutrakis, P. (2022). Quantifying factors affecting contributions of roadway exhaust and non-exhaust emissions to ambient PM10–2.5 and PM2.5–0.2 particles. Science of the Total Environment, 835, 155368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155368
MGEZZQHG
Mauk, J. L., Crafford, T. C., Horton, J. D., San Juan, C. A., & Robinson, Jr., G. R. (2020). Pyrrhotite Distribution in the Conterminous United States, 2020. USGS Publications Warehouse. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203017.
P4MPMVCD
Mayer, Philipp, Johannes Tolls, Joop L. M. Hermens, and Donald Mackay. 2003. “Peer Reviewed: Equilibrium Sampling Devices.” Environmental Science & Technology 37 (9): 184A-191A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es032433i.
NXMH6HGA
Michigan EGLE. (2021). Progress Being Made to Remove Stamp Sands in Keweenaw Peninsula Affecting Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior. Progress Being Made to Remove Stamp Sands in Keweenaw Peninsula Affecting Buffalo Reef in Lake Superior. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/newsroom/mi-environment
TZPLDX4S
Miller, G. (2004). Passivation of Wall Rock at the Golden Sunlight Mine — University of Nevada. USDA Research, Education & Economics Information. https://reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0195344-passivation-of-wall-rock-at-the-golden-sunlight-mine.html
4IKR7Z7I
Mishra, U., Paul, S., & Bandyopadhaya, M. (2013). Removal of zinc ions from wastewater using industrial waste sludge: A novel approach. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 32(3), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11665
D5QA3FB6
Missouri Cobalt. (2023). Securing America’s Resources for a Reliable, Green Future. Missouri S&T’s Third Annual Critical Minerals Workshop.
IXWZYFKC
Moeckel, Claudia, Tom Harner, Luca Nizzetto, Bo Strandberg, Andres Lindroth, and Kevin C. Jones. 2009. “Use of Depuration Compounds in Passive Air Samplers: Results from Active Sampling-Supported Field Deployment, Potential Uses, and Recommendations | Environmental Science & Technology.” Environ. Sci. Technol 43 (9): 3227–32. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es802897x.
6QW9AHVA
Montana DEQ. (2021). Record of Decision. Golden Sunlight Mines, Inc. Amendment 017 to Operating Permit No 00065. Jefferson County, MT. https://deq.mt.gov/files/Land/Hardrock/Environmental%20Reviews/Golden%20Sunlight%20Package/00065_2021_09_13_ROD.pdf
B2CMANN2
NJDEP. 2022. “Chapter 5 Sampling Equipment.” In Field Sampling Procedures Manual, 2022nd ed., 113. NJDEP. https://www.nj.gov/dep/srp/guidance/fspm/manual_edition/2022/chapter_5_sampling_equipment.pdf.
3UN3UL5J
Nadaroglu, H., Kalkan, E., & Demir, N. (2010). Removal of Copper from Aqueous Solution Using Red Mud. Desalination, 251(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.138
SSLIHTC8
Ozdes, D., Gundogdu, A., Kemer, B., Duran, C., Senturk, H. B., & Soylak, M. (2009). Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by a Waste Mud from Copper Mine Industry: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166(2), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.073
M22ADIXA
PCBs and selected organochlorine compounds in Italian mountain air: the influence of altitude and forest ecosystem type. | Semantic Scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2024, from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PCBs-and-selected-organochlorine-compounds-in-air%3A-Jaward-Guardo/dcc1d227a282ebe37b98d451a9d7762bcaf1e74e
8EEE6P2L
PennDOT. (2020). Publication 408/2020. Specifications. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation. https://www.dot.state.pa.us/public/PubsForms/Publications/Pub_408/408_2020/408_2020_IE/408_2020_IE.pdf
ZVH33C3C
Pennsylvania Department Agriculture. (2024). Soil and Plant Amendments. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture. https://prdagriculture.pwpca.pa.gov:443/Plants_Land_Water/PlantIndustry/agronomic-products/SoilPlantAmendment/Pages/default.aspx
V89MA3EW
Perkins, D. (2020). Optical Mineralogy. In Mineralogy (2nd ed.). University of North Dakota. https://opengeology.org/Mineralogy/5-optical-mineralogy/
Y5IGP9R5
Perpetua Resources. (2024). Perpetua Resources Receives up to an Additional $34.6 Million Under the Defense Production Act. Perpetua Resources | Corporate. https://www.investors.perpetuaresources.com/investors/news/perpetua-resources-receives-up-to-an-additional-34-million-under-the-defense-production-act
VSZFT9QX
Puls, Robert W., and Michael J. Barcelona. 1996. “Ground Water Issue: LOW-FLOW (MINIMAL DRAWDOWN) GROUND-WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURES.” EPA/540/S-95/504. USEPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/lwflw2a.pdf.
LBCSV95N
Qasem, N. A. A., Mohammed, R. H., & Lawal, D. U. (2021). Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: a comprehensive and critical review. Clean Water, 4(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00127-0
BTR8CMVE
Resolve. (n.d.). Salmon Gold. Salmon Gold. https://www.resolve.ngo/salmon_gold.htm
JVDAXR9R
Rio Tinto. (2021). Rio Tinto to Build New Tellurium Plant at Kennecott Mine. https://www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2021/rio-tinto-to-build-new-tellurium-plant-at-kennecott-mine
IH5G3VBL
Soil Science Division Staff. (2017). Soil Survey Manual (C. Ditzler, K. Scheffe, & H. C. Monger, Eds.; Vol. 18). USDA Handbook. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-survey-manual
5BL5EMDT
Tayebi-Khorami, M., Edraki, M., Corder, G., & Golev, A. (2019). Re-Thinking Mining Waste through an Integrative Approach Led by Circular Economy Aspirations. Minerals, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050286
QUWRXA3N
Thomas, Burt, and Michael A. Arthur. 2010. “Correcting Porewater Concentration Measurements from Peepers: Application of a Reverse Tracer.” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8 (8): 403–13. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2010.8.403.
VLP6CY6N
Tian, N., Xue, J., & Barzyk, T. (2013). Evaluating socioeconomic and racial differences in traffic-related metrics in the United States using a GIS approach. The Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 23, 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.83
VC97MJ67
Tian, N., Xue, J., & Barzyk, T. M. (2013). Evaluating socioeconomic and racial differences in traffic-related metrics in the United States using a GIS approach. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 23(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.83
KLPJK4EN
Tilton, Jennifer Martin, and Margaret Gentile. 2019. “Strategic Approaches to Address the Unique  Challenges of Groundwater Remediation at Coal  Ash Facilities.” https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=woca.
THUZSIYL
USEPA. (1994). Record of Decision. Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit. Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area NPL Site. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/188195.pdf
TYHYQ3RR
USEPA. (1997). Record of Decision. Residential Areas Operable Unit 2. Tar Creek Superfund Site, Ottawa County, Oklahoma. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/135318.pdf
XFB248IE
USEPA. (2003). Potential for Radiation Contamination Associated with Mineral and Resource Extraction Industries. Memorandum. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/189962.pdf
RHRWQP9J
USEPA. (2008). Record of Decision. Operable Unit 4. Chat Piles, Other Mine and Mill Waste, Smelter Waste. Tar Creek Superfund Site. Ottawa County Oklahoma. OKD980629844. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/825746.pdf
T6A5L5GE
USEPA. (2011). Shining Light on a Bright Opportunity. Developing Solar Energy on Abandoned Mine Lands. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ttps://semspub.epa.gov/work/11/176032.pdf
NTUT2W2E
USEPA. (2015, August 18). Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Overview [Other Policies and Guidance]. https://www.epa.gov/rcra/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-overview
44XW8BD4
USEPA. 2015. “OSWER Technical Guide For Assessing  and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion  Pathway from Subsurface Vapor  Sources to Indoor Air.” USEPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/oswer-vapor-intrusion-technical-guide-final.pdf.
ZH2YKUR7
USEPA. 2019. “Method 325A – Volatile Organic Compounds from Fugitive and Area Sources: Sampler Deployment and VOC Sample Collection.” USEPA. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/method_325a.pdf.
7GAQZ5DE
USFWS. (1998, March 1). ESA Section 7 Consultation. Fish. https://www.fws.gov/service/esa-section-7-consultation
2SSLCGP2
Vachon, Melody. 2023. “Waterloo Membrane Sampler.” SiREM LAB (blog). November 27, 2023. https://www.siremlab.com/waterloo-membrane-sampler/.
36H87MW5
Washington State Department of Ecology. (2023). 2020 Washington State Comprehensive Emissions Inventory (No. Publication #20-02-012). Air Quality Program. https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/2002012.pdf
DNTFJC83
Webster, I.T., P.R. Teasdale, and N. Grigg. 1998. “Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Peeper Equilibration Dynamics.” Environmental Science and Technology 32:1727–33.
L4CH5QFU
Wei, Tian-Jiao, Dong-Xing Guan, Xi-Yuan Li, Yi-Long Hao, Henry Teng, Ji-Feng Yang, Yao-Yang Xu, and Gang Li. 2022. “Analysis of Studies on Environmental Measurements Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT) from 1994 to 2020.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 22 (April). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03168-1.
Y6NFRJZG
Xie, Huaijun, Jingwen Chen, Qining Chen, Chang-Er L. Chen, Juan Du, Feng Tan, and Chengzhi Zhou. 2018. “Development and Evaluation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique for Measuring Antibiotics in Seawater.” The Science of the Total Environment 618 (March):1605–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.330.
97PQFZYR

image_pdfPrint this page/section


PSU-1

Full PDF
glossaryGlossary
referencesReferences
acronymsAcronyms
ITRC
Contact Us
About ITRC
Visit ITRC
social media iconsClick here to visit ITRC on FacebookClick here to visit ITRC on TwitterClick here to visit ITRC on LinkedInITRC on Social Media
about_itrc
Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source (see suggested citation and disclaimer). This web site is owned by ITRC • 1250 H Street, NW • Suite 850 • Washington, DC 20005 • (202) 266-4933 • Email: [email protected] • Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, and Usage Policy ITRC is sponsored by the Environmental Council of the States.