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Passive Sampling Technology Update

PSU Home
About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 What is Passive Sampling?
1.3 Passive Sampling vs. Active Sampling
2. Passive Sampling Used by Media
2. Passive Sampling Use by Media
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Media Conditions Affecting Sampling Approach
2.3 Contaminant Sampling Considerations
3. Regulatory Acceptance
3. Regulatory Acceptance
3.1 Site-specific Regulatory Program Concerns
3.2 Technology Acceptance
3.3 Acceptance Varies by Media
3.4 Remedial Phase Acceptance
3.5 Performance Standard Acceptance/Approval
3.6 Concurrent Regulatory Oversight
4. Data Comparison Methods
4. Data Comparison Methods
4.1 Site Data Quality Objectives
4.2 Results Comparison Methods
4.3 Result Comparisons between Sampling Technologies
4.4 Other Comparison Considerations
5. Passive Sampling Technologies
5. Passive Sampling Technologies
5.1 Grab Sampling Technologies
5.2 Equilibration-based Passive Samplers
5.3 Accumulation Sampling Technologies
6. Nonpassive Grab Sampling Technologies
6. Nonpassive Grab Sampling Technologies
6.1 Syringe Sampler
6.2 Deep Discrete Interval Sampler
6.3 Horizontal Surface Water Interval Sampler
Case Studies
Videos
References
PSU Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
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Passive Sampling Technology Update
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Case Studies

Case Study NameMediaStudy TypeTechnologyPeer Reviewed Publication Date
Hunter Point ShipyardPorewaterIn situAccumulationYesMarch 2012
Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund SiteSedimentOtherEquilibrationNoDecember 2021
PFAS Bench-Scale StudyGroundwater, Surface WaterBench-Scale Comparison StudyGrab SamplerNoJanuary 2024
Indoor Air Post MitigationIndoor AirIndoor air monitoring using passive samplingAccumulationNoAugust 2019
Indoor Air Quality Assessment ReportIndoor AirSite investigation with passive samplingAccumulationNoMarch 2015
Industrial Site in Midwest, USSoil GasComparison studyAccumulationNoJanuary 2009
Inorganics in Sediment PorewaterSediment Pore WaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationYesApril 2023
Kansas Small Arid LandfillsGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNoOctober 2006
Laboratory and Field Testing at DoD SitesIndoor/Outdoor Air, Soil GasSide-by-side StudyAccumulationNoMay 2015
Lake NiapencoSediment Pore Water, Surface WaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationYesMay 2023
Lower Passaic River, New JerseyIn situ sediment porewater and water column vs. fishIn situEquilibrationYesApril 2019
Newark BaySurface Water, AirIn situEquilibrationYesSeptember 2017
Paint Chips in the Presence of SedimentSediment mixed with paint chipsEx situEquilibrationYes January 2022
Low-Flow Sampling for PFASGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationNoApril 2021
Marque River, Northern FranceSurface WaterSide-by-side StudyAccumulationYesJuly 2017
Massachusetts Military Reserve (MMR)GroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationNo2005
McClellan Air Force Base, CaliforniaGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNo2005
McCormick and Baxter Creosoting Company, Superfund Site, CaliforniaGroundwaterN/AAccumulationNoApril 2010
Miller Valley Road and Hillside Avenue WQRF, Prescott, ArizonaSoil Gas, GroundwaterSource Zone investigationAccumulationYesJuly 2008
Pilot Test Report, CaliforniaSoil GasSite CharacterizationAccumulationNoApril 2021
Multistory Car ParkIndoor and Outdoor AirSingle MethodAccumulationYesJune 2015
Naval Industrial Reserve Ordinance Plant and Naval Air StationGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationNo2002
Nonpassive Discrete SamplerGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNoAugust 2002
Puget SoundSediment Pore WaterOtherEquilibrationYesFebruary 2022
Three Marine Superfund SitesWater ColumnIn situEquilibration and AccumulationYesAugust 2015
PFAS in Groundwater White PaperGroundwaterSummaryEquilibrationNoJuly 2022
Port of Oakland, CaliforniaOutdoor AirSide-by-side StudyAccumulationYesNovember 2013
Private Consultant Sites in IndianaGroundwaterImplementation for LTMGrabNo2009 - Present
RCRA Facility, CaliforniaSoil GasSite CharacterizationAccumulationNoSeptember 2017
Santa Ana River Basin, Peterson AFB. Ohio River, and Ellsworth AFBGroundwater and Surface WaterGrab/Side-by-side StudyAccumulationYesFall 2023
Sewage Authority, Linden, NJSurface WaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationNo2003
Stringfellow Hazardous Waste SiteGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNoJuly 2009
Surface Water Quality Monitoring at Treatment PlantsSurface Water ExampleEquilibrationYesMay 2023
U.S. DOE & Navy SiteIndoor and Outdoor AirRoutine indoor air monitoring reportAccumulationYesOctober 2023
Vandenberg Space Force BaseGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyAccumulationNoOctober 2022
Automotive Repair Parcels in City of Industry, CaliforniaSoil gasSubsurface investigationAccumulationYesJanuary 2023
Black RiverSurface WaterExampleEquilibrationYes1993
California Landfill SiteSoil gasSite CharacterizationAccumulationNoApril 2021
Central Pennsylvania WetlandsSurface WaterSide-by-side StudyAccumulationYesSeptember 2021
Contaminated Sediment SitesSediment porewater, surface water, fluxReview ArticleEquilibrationYesJune 2023
DOD Aberdeen Proving Ground & Picatinny ArsenalGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationNoSeptember 2010
DGT Use for Metals in WaterWaterReviewAccumulationYesJuly 2017
DGT Use for Organic Compounds in WaterWaterReviewAccumulationYes September 2021
Department of Water Resources (DWR) Sacramento, CaliforniaGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNoDecember 2007
Former Coffee Processing Facility, Brownsfields SiteSoil GasSource InvestigationAccumulationNoN/A
Former Dry Cleaners, WaterlooIndoor airSite CharacterizationAccumulationNoJanuary 2022
Former Dry Cleaning SiteSoil GasDelineationAccumulationNoJanuary 2021
Former McClellan Air Force BaseGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationYes1999
Former Manufactured Gas Plant SitesSedimentsSide-by-side StudyAccumulationNoJanuary 2007
Formerly Used Defense SitesGroundwaterN/AAccumulationYesAugust 2019
Fuel Storage Terminal, Northeastern USSoil GasPlume DelineationAccumulationYesFebruary 2024
GHD SiteLNAPL in SoilOtherGrabNoUnpublished
GHD Site, British ColumbiaSoil GasOtherAccumulationNoUnpublished
NonPassive Syringe SamplerGroundwater, PorewaterN/ANonpassive Syringe SamplerYesNov-Dec 2007
Missouri River Alluvial AquiferGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyGrabNo2013
Groundwater Monitoring at Former Naval Air StationGroundwaterSide-by-side StudyEquilibrationYesSept 2020
Grasse River, New York GAC Treatment for PCB BioavailabilityWater Column, Pore WaterIn Situ and Ex SituEquilibrationYesJune 2013
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